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4.4 identify defence adaptations, including: inflammation response phagocytosis lymph system cell death to seal off pathogen
identify defence adaptations, including:
- inflammation response
- phagocytosis
- lymph system
- cell death to seal off pathogen
inflammation response
- Inflammation occurs when blood vessels around an infected area are supplied with extra blood. This makes the area swollen and red. The release of histamines by the damaged tissue increases the permeability of the blood vessels, which allows white blood cells to leave the blood vessels and move into the damaged tissue.
phagocytosis
- Some white blood cells, called macrophages and neutrophils, can very easily change their shape so that they flow around particles and completely enclose them within their cell, where they are broken up by cell enzymes. This is called phagocytosis.
lymph system
- The lymph system returns intercellular fluid to the blood system, filters cell debris and produces white blood cells responsible for the immune response.
cell death to seal off pathogen
- For some pathogens, macrophages and lymphocytes completely surround a pathogen so that it is enclosed in a cyst. The white cells involved die, so that the pathogen is isolated from its food supply and also dies.